Pulse modulation system



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PULSE MODULATION SYSTEM gv'o HQPeElu on ATTORNEY Feb. 20, 1951 H. o. PETERSON 2,542,700

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ATTORNEY Feb. 20, 1951 H. o. PETERSON 2,542,700

PULSE MODULATION SYSTEM Original Filed Feb. 20, 1942 5 Sheets-Sheet 4 Fr ae/7 PaZJ'e enerazr '52 A 47L 08 r 0 finwvuz.

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Patented Feb. 20, 1951 I j' om-Tao STATE PULSE MODULATION SYSTEM Harold 0. Peterson, River-head, N. Y., assignorto f America, a corporation Radio Corporation 0 of Delaware Original application February 20, 1942, Serial No.

431,617, now Patent No. 2,392,546,. dated Jam. ary 8, 1946. Divided and this application April 18,1945, Serial No. 588,940 I This invention relates to a pulse communication system in which the phase or frequency ofthe generated pulses is a function of an intelligence signal, and the present application is a division of my copending application Serial No. 431,617, filed in the U. S. Patent Oflice on Febru-'- ary 20, 1942, now U; S. Patent 2,392,546 granted January 8, 1946. U It has been customary to modulate transmitters by modulating the amplitude, phase, or frequency of the radiated carrier. In the system of the present invention, the radiated carrier is broken up into pulses of short duration and the frequency or phase relationship'of the" pulses varied in accordance with the signal to be transmitted.

1 1 Claimsi (Cl. 250-17) r 2 shown in Fig. 1. With no modulation, the pulses are transmitted at .a uniform rate (asshown in There are certain advantages to be had from pulse transmission at the ultra high frequencies. One of these advantages lies in the fact that it is po'ssibleto use'certain types of ul'tra highfrequency generators which require such ahigh. voltage that it would not be possible to leave thevoltage on continuously without destruction of the elements of the generator. It has also been found that by using the high'voltag'e made possible ina pulsing system, theefiiciency of the generator may be greatly increased; Afurther' advantage in pulse transmission systems is" that the frequency stability of the :radiated carrier does not need to be maintained to the same close limits necessary in a continuous wave system.

A more detailed description of the invention follows, in which:

.Figs. 1-, 3 and 6 each illustrate graphically three conditions of the transmitted pulses. which are respectively obtained by the three different pulse type transmitter embodiments of Figs. 2, .4 and. '7 of the invention;

Figs. 23, 5 and 8 illustrate three different receivers of the invention, for use respectively with the transmitters of Figs; 2, 4 and '7;

Fig. 2A illustrates in detail, by way of example: only, circuit arrangements which the pulse gen-. erator i and the ultra high frequency generator 8 of the transmitter of Fig. 2 may take; i

Figs. 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F and 2G graphically illustrate the operation of the system of Fig. 2a.

. Figs. 9 and 10 respectively illustrate a transmitter and'a receiver for use in a multiplex pulse modulation system,

Figs. 1, communication system. In this system the phase of the transmitted pulse is modulated in accordance with, thesignal.to...be:transmitted;il Ijhis is in accordance with'the in-. r

. by pulse generator 1.' The connection from pulse" generator 1 may extend to the anode of the genline A of Fig. '1). When modulation is applied," the phase of the radiated pulse is varied back and forth, as illustrated in lines B and C of Fig. '1.

This type of modulation may be generatedin a system such as that s'li'own in'Fi'g. 2 and these signals may be received with a system such as that'showninFigiZB. Referring to Fig. 2, there is showna' system for the transmission of a telephone signal in which L2 and 3 represent a microphone, a battery, and a transformer, respectively. A sinusoidal wave producing oscillator 5 generates a frequency which controls the frequency ofthe pulses and which may, for example, be a frequency of 300 kilocycles. A phase modulator 4 to which is passed the voice moduIatiQn from transformer 3 varies the phase of the 300'kilocycle carrier generated by sinusoidal generator 5. Such a phase modulator" is'well known in'the art, and, if desired, may be of "the'type shown in Crosby United States} Patent 2,081,577, granted May 1 937; or in Fig. 5 of Luck Patent 2,113,214, granted April "5; 1938. The phase modulated output of 4 is conducted to a frequency multiplier 6; which in turn is connectedto a pulse gen-' erating circuit L'the latter in turn feeding direct current pulses'into the ultra high frequency generating system 8, whose output is carried through transmission line 9 to an antenna H] which radiates the pulses. Ultra high frequency generator 8 may be a magnetron, Barkhausen oscillator or any other suitable device which is made to be operative solely at such times that the direct current pulses are supplied thereto erator '8, for example. The amount of phase modulation applied by modulator 4 is multiplied by the frequency multiplier 6. Thus, if the order offrequency multiplication in 6 is great, the degree 'of phase modulation .will be greatly ir'1'-' creased and by the application of suitable .cor-i rection circuits in the audio system feeding phase modulator 4', in a manner well known in the art,

the modulation may be made equivalent to a frequency modulation of the pulse rate.

Fig. 2A illustrates, by way of example only, the component parts of the. pulse generator I and the ultra high frequencyoscillator 8 of the'transmit ter. of Fig.2. Inasmuch asthere are numerous devices'which will create the desired eifects of the pulse generator and ultra high frequency oscillator, it should be understood that theseare set forth by way of example rather than limitation. The apparatus of Fig. 2A corresponding to units 7 and 8 of Fig. 2 have be: h similarly labeled in the dotted boxes. The output of the multiplier 6 is passed through limiter circuits to convert it from a sinusoidal wave form (such as shown at Fig. 2G) to a square wave form (such as shown at Fig. 2D) Square wave form current (as shown. at Fig. 2D) is passed through the primary of transformer I00, which is of suchdesign that low frequency components are substantially absent in the wave form of the secondary voltage.- The Wave form of the secondary voltage of transformer I06 is substantially that shown at Fig. 2E.

It will be noted that the secondary voltage represented by Fig. 2E consists of alternate positive and negative pulses of relatively short duration. Plate current flows in tube fill, except when its grid is biased negative past cut-off. This current through resistor iii! keeps the grids of tubes I92, I03 biased negative past cut-off. Consequently, the high frequency carrier from I04 will be transmitted to the antenna only during the time when my plate current flows in resistor Hi1. This condition occurs only for the duration of the negative pulses shown in Fig. 2E. Fig. 2F shows the negative voltage across resistor is? appearing at E1. Fig. 2G shows the short pulses of carrier frequency output transmitted to the or band pass filter which is selective to the trans-- mitted carrier frequency and wide enough to pass the pulse frequency sidebands. This intermediate frequency is amplified by selective amplifier l8 and then rectified in rectifier IT. The output of rectifier I! is a series of direct current pulses which is in turn transmitted to an amplitude limiter system 18 in which disturbances above and below pr:determined levels may be excluded. Thus. the output of limiter l 8 will be in the form of direct current pulses having substantially constant amplitude and from which there will be eliminated any response to noise disturbances below a predetermined-value. The out utof limiter l8 feeds a selective circuit l9 which is responsive only to the frequency of the transmitted pulses, plus and minus such frequencies as will be necessary for the transmission of modulation. Thus, if the transmitted pulses occur at the rate of 300,090 per second, selective circuit l9 may be a band pass filter on the order of 6 kilocycles wide with a mid band frequency of 300- kilocycles and which will transform the direct current pulses substantially to a sinusoidal carrier. The output of selective circuit is is transmitted through an amplitude limiter 2t and a discriminator and detector 2!. The limit;r 28 and the discriminator and detector 2! may be of the same type as those commonly used in receivers built for phase modulation and/or fre. quency modulation purposes. Detector 2| may be of'the type known as a discriminator circuit, which can mploy a pair of off-tuned circuits or acircuit of the kind described in Seeley United- States Patent 2,121,103, dated June 21, 1938, or

it may be of the type shown in Figs. 5 and B of Crosby United States Patent 2,081,577.. The output of this detector system will be the original voice modulation.

Figs. 3, 4 and 5 represent a slightly different form of communication by pulse modulation. When there is no modulation, the transmitter radiates a series of pulses timed in accordance with the relationship shown in Fig. 3, line A. In the system as shown, there is one series of pulses indicated as P, the frequency and phase of which remains constant; There is a second series of pulses indicated as P, the phase of which is modulated. The normal phase and frequency of pulses P and P remains constant for the condition of no modulation, which is illustrated in line A of Fig. 3. Modulation causes the relative phase between pulses P and P to vary, as indicated in lines B and C of Fig. 3. In the example shown, only the phase of pulse P is varied by the modulation. It would obviously be possible to simultaneously modulate the phase of pulses P and. P in opposite directions.

I Fig. 4 illustrates a means for producing signals with this type of modulation. A microphone: is shown at 22, a battery at 23, and a transformer at 24. A sinusoidal oscillator 25 generates a frequency which controls the frequency of the pulses. The output of 26 is a constant frequency carrier which is caused to control two pulse generators 21 and 28. The control for pulse generator 28 is transmitted through a phase modulating circuit 25 so that the phase of the pulses coming out from generator 28 is modulated with respect to the phaseof the pulses coming out from generator 21. It should be understood that phase modulator 25 includes a phase delay circuit such that the pulses from generator 28 are normally about behind the puls s from generator 21 when no modulation is applied. The outputs of puls generator circuits 2! and 28 are in.

the form of direct current pulses which operate to cause pulses of ultrahigh frequency carrier to be generated in 29, the output of which is conducted through transmission line an and radiated by antenna 3|. Referring back to Fig. 3, pulses P are generated by apparatus 27 and pulses P are generated by apparatus 28 (Fig. 4). 1 Fig. 5 shows a receiver for receiving the output of the transmitter of Fig. 4. The pulses of ultra high frequency carrier are rec ived on antenna 32 connecting through transmission line 33 to selective circuit 34, the output of which is conducted to converter 35 where it is combined with the frequency from oscillator 31 to produce an intermediate frequency which is amplified by frequency selective amplifier 3E5 feeding rectifier 38.

A voltage derived from rectifier 38 is conducted backto amplifier 3% through an automatic gain control circuit marked AGC which normally includes time constant circuits, usually of the resistance-condenser kind. The output of rectifier 38 is in the form of direct current pulses which are passed through an amplitude limiter 39 which operates in such a manner that noise below a certain level is discarded and pulses of any value above a predetermined level produce output pulses of a constant level. Thus the direct selective circuit 40. which is responsive only to the pulse frequency,v plus and minus such frequencies as are essential to the transmission of the modulation. .Thus, if the frequency senorarea-by oscillator 25 or Fig; 4 is-306 anemia;

basic form of modulation is illustrated in Fig. 6, This-is esssentially'the same form of'modulation as shown in Fig. 3, with the exception, that a greater'degree of time phase variation-is used; Fig. 6, line A, illustrates the time relationship of the pulses for the condition of no'modulation'. The time phase of pulse 2- is varied over'a range of plus and minus almost 180 with respect to the time phase of pulse l.

One way in which this may beaccomplished is illustrated in Fig. '7. A microphone isshown at 42, a battery at 43, and a transformer at 44'.-

The output of oscillator 46 is co ductedto phase modulator 45 and frequency multiplier 41'. Phase modulator 45 also includes such time delay circuits as will give the correct relationship between the phase of pulses l and 2 for the condition of no modulation. Normally,- circuit 45 will be capable of producing a degree of phase modulation up to about plus and minus 45 in the carrier fre quency output of oscillator '45. This degr e of modulation is increased to the'desired value of approximately amaximum of plus and minus 180 by frequency multiplier 48. There'is the same degree of frequency multiplication infrequency multiplier 41 so that equal carrier frequencies come out of the frequency multipliers 47 and 48 during the condition of no modulation. The outputs of M and 48 control pulse genera tor circuits 49 and 56 which produce short directcurrent pulses at the phase and frequency determined by the outputs of 4? and 48.-- These short direct current pulses control; the radiation of ultra high frequency pulses through the ultra high frequency generator 5!, transmission line 52 and antenna 53-.- Ineifect, apparatus 41 pro-;

duces the pulses of Fig. 6, while-apparatus 48 frequency generated by oscillator 58 to form an intermediate frequency which is conducted to selective amplifier 59. The intermediate frequency output of 59 feeds a rectifier 6!], the output of which is a series of short direct current pulses. These pulses are passed through amplitude limiter-El which removes noise elements 'below a predetermined level and passes direct current pulses of constant amplitude to a detector circuit through condenser 62. The detector in this case is a gas triode oscillator circuit of the type known as a counter circuit. It is so arranged that the number of cycles appearing inthe output'is one-half of the numberof'cycles impressed quite extensively used in connection with Geiger counters for the study of cosmic ray phenomena and its operation is well known to theart. With:

such a circuit it will befo'und that the audio mod nation can betaknnmas showmin transformer 76. The transformer 'lfiwill' nct'p'a'ss the pulse frequencybut onlythe audio frequencies.

Figs; Q' and 10 illustrate how the pulse modula tion system ab'ove described may be used in a multiplex-"system. Fig; 9'represents a multiplex transmitter in which two different pulse frequencies are'usedl- These pulse frequencies aregenerated by oscillators 8| and The modulators andpulse generating circuits in any of the transmitters above described are shown at 30, 82 and 8!],- 9l,: respectively. The'two modulated pulse frequencies operate to control pulses of ultra high frequency carrier in generator system 83 which are radiatedby antenna 85;

FigzlO represents a multipleii receiving system irrwhich the shortpulses of ultra high frequency carrier are r'eceived on antenna- 92 which is connected'to receiving system 93, which may be of any-of the types above described up to the-point where the pulse frequency appears. The rectified pulse frequency energy is impressed on twobranches in which the desired channels are selected by selective circuits 94 andS'l, respectively, followed'by amplitude limiters 95 and 98 which, inturn, are followed respectively by demodulatingand detecting circuits 96- and 99;

While only two channels are shown; it should be example, first channel instead of being a tele-- phone channel may consist of a number of tone channels each of which is either amplitude'modulated, phasemodulate'd, or frequency modulated Whatis claimedis:

1. In a'pulsemodulation radio communication system wherein the radiated carrier is broken up ini'cequa-l'length pulses of short duration andthe' relationship of the'pulses varied in accordancewith the signal to be transmitted, a transmitter said oscillator, means for applying signal modula tio'ns to-said phase modulator, a frequency multiplier coupled to'the output of said phase modulator, individual pulse generators coupled to the outputs of both of said two frequency multipliersfor producing short direct current pulses at the phase and frequency determ'ned by said multipliers, an ultra high frequency generator'c-ircuit,=. means for impressing the outputs of said pulse generators upon said ultra-high frequency gen-1 erator circuit for keying the same and thereby controlling the generation of pulses of ultra high" frequency energy therefrom, whereby there are produced short duration pulses of varying time" phase in dependence upon the variations in'signal modulations, and means for radiating the carrier pulsesproduoed'by said generator.

=70 atthe input. This type of counter circuit is pulses of short duration and fhe'phase relation ship of the pulses varied in accordance wi'thth'e signal to be transmitted atransmitter for var in'g'the phase relationof the pulsescomprising constant frequencys'inusoidal wave oscillator, a

phase modulator, a source of'si'gnal modulations, connections individually coupling said oscillator and" Said source signal- Ii'ldtilllEttibl'l t0 55K1 modulator, a frequency multiplier coupled to'the output of said modulator, a pulse generator coupled to the output of said multiplier, an ultra high frequency generator coupled to the output of and under control of said pulse generator, and means for radiating the carrier wave pulses passed by said high frequency generator.

3. A pulse communication system having, in combination, a transmitter comprising a pair of pulse generators, a phase modulator and delay circuit coupled to the input of one of said pulse generators, a sinusoidal oscillator coupled to said modulator and delay circuit and also to the input of said other pulse generator, a signal source coupled to the input of said phase modulator and delay circuit, an ultra high frequency generator coupled in common to the outputs of said pair of pulse generators, a radiator coupled to said high frequency generator for radiating pulses of ultra high frequency energy whose relationship varies in accordance with the signal to be transmitted, a receiver for said radiated pulses comprising an antenna, a selective circuit coupled to said antenna and selective to the transmitted carrier frequency, said selective circuit having a pass band sufficiently wide to pass the pulse frequency side bands, a heterodyne converter coupled to the output of said selective circu t, a beating oscillator coupled to the input of said converter, whereby an intermediate frequency is produced by said converter. a selective amplifier for amplifying the intermediate frequency output of said converter, a rectifier coupled to said amplifier for producing a series of direct current pulses, an automatic gain control circuit including suitable time-constant circuits for deriving a voltage from said rectifier and for feeding back said voltage to said selective intermediate frequency amplifier, an amplitude limiter coupled to the output of said rectifier for excluding disturbances outside a desired level and for producing substantially constant amplitude direct current pulses, a selective wave shaping circuit coupled to the output of said limiter and responsive only to the frequency of the transmitted pulses plus and minus such frequencies as are necessary for the transmission of the modulation, said selective wave shaping circuit being constructed and arranged to transform the direct current pulses passed thereto to a sinusoidal carrier, and means for transforming the output of said last selective circuit to reproduce the original modulation at the transmitter.

4. A pulse radio communication system having,

frequency output of said converter, a rectifier coupled to said amplifier for producing a series of direct current pulses, an amplitude limiter coupled to the output of said rectifier for excludin combination, a transmitter for varying the time phase relation of the pulses, comprising a constant frequency sinusoidal wave oscillator, a frequency multiplier and a phase modulator individually coupled to the output of said oscillator, means for applying signal modulations to said phase modulator, a frequency multiplier coupled to the output of said phase modulator, individual pulse generators coupled to the outputs of both of said two frequency multipliers for producing short direct current pulses at the phase and frequency determined by said multipliers, an ultra high frequency generator circuit, means for impressing the outputs of said pulse generators upon said ultra high frequency generator circuit for keying the same and thereby controlling the generation of pulses of ultra high frequency energy therefrom, whereby there are produced short duration pulses of varying time phase in dependence upon the variations in signal modulations, and means for radiating the carrier pulse produced by said keyed generator, 2. receiver for said ing disturbances outside a desired level and for producing substantially constant amplitude direct current pulses, a frequency divider detector circuit coupled to the output of said amplitude limiter, said detector circuit including a gaseous tube trigger arrangement for providing in its output only half the number of cycles impressed upon its input, and a selective circuit coupled to the output of said frequency divider detector circuit and so constructed and arranged as to discriminate against the pulse frequency and pass only audio frequencies.

5. A pulse type multiplex transmitter system including a pair of channels each of which comprises a source of modulating signals, a phase modulator coupled to said source,'an oscillator also coupled to said phase modulator, and a pulse generator coupled to the output of and under control of said phase modulator, the oscillators in said pair of channels generating different frequencies, circuit connections combining the outputs of said pulse generators in said pair of channels, an ultra high frequency generator under control of the combined outputs of said pulse generator, and a wave radiating structure coupled to the output of said ultra high frequency generator.

6. In a pulse modulation radio communication system wherein the radiated carrier is broken up into equal length pulses of short duration and the relationship of the pulses varied in accordance with the signal to be transmitted, a receiver for said radiated pulses comprising an antenna, a selective circuit coupled to said antenna and selective to the transmitted carrier frequency, said selective circuit having a pass band sulficiently wide to pass the pulse frequency side hands, a heterodyne converter coupled to the output of said selective circuit, a beating oscillator coupled to the input of said converter, whereby an intermediate frequency is produced by said converter, a selective amplifier for amplifying the intermediate frequency output of said converter, a rectifier coupled to said amplifier for producing a series of direct current pulses, an amplitude limiter coupled to the output of said rectifier for excluding disturbances outside a desired level and for producing substantially constant amplitude direct current pulses, a frequency divider detector circuit coupled to the output of said amplitude limiter, said detector circuit including a gaseous tube trigger arrangement for providing in its output only half the number of cycles impressed upon its input, and a selective circuit coupled to the output of said frequency divider detector circuit and so constructed and arranged as to discriminate against the pulse frequency and pass only audio frequencies.

'7. In a pulse modulation radio communication system wherein the radiated carrier is broken up into equal length pulses of short duration and the relationship of the pulses varied in accordance with the signal to be transmitted, a transmitter for varying the time phase relation of the pulses, comprising a constant frequency sinusoid-a1 wave oscillator, a frequency multiplier and a phase modulator individually coupled to the output of said oscillator, a microphone coupled to and supplying signal modulations to said phase modulator, said phase modulator including time delay circuits, a frequency multiplier coupled to the output of said phase modulator, individual pulse generators coupled to the outputs of both of said two frequency multipliers for producing short direct current pulses at the phase and frequency determined by said multipliers, said frequency multipliers being so constructed and arranged that equal carrier output frequencies are derived therefrom during the condition of no modulation, an ultra high frequency generator circuit, means for impressing the outputs of said pulse generators upon said ultra high frequency generator circuit for keying the same and thereby controlling the generation of pulses of ultra high frequency energy therefrom, whereby there are produced short duration pulses of varying time phase in dependence upon the variations in signal modulations, and means including a wave directive structure for radiating the carrier pulses produced by said generator.

8. A pulse communication system having, in combination, a transmitter comprising a pair of pulse generators, a phase modulator and delay circuit coupled to the input of one of said pulse generators, a sinusoidal oscillator coupled to said modulator and delay circuit and also to the input of said other pulse generator, a signal source coupled to the input of said phase modulator and delay circuit, a high frequency generator coupled in common to and responsive to the outputs of said pair of pulse generators, and a high frequency transmission medium coupled to the output of said high frequency generator.

9. A pulse communication system having, in combination, a transmitter comprising a pair of pulse generators, a phase modulator and delay circuit coupled to the input of one of said pulse generators, a sinusoidal oscillator coupled to said modulator and delay circuit and also to the input of said other pulse generator, means for applying Signals to the input of said phase modulator and delay circuit, an ultra high frequency generator coupled in common to the outputs of said pair of pulse generators, a radiator coupled to said high frequency generator for radiating pulses of ultra high frequency energy whose relationship varies in accordance with the signal to be transmitted, a receiver for said radiated pulses comprising an antenna, a selective circuit coupled to said antenna and selective to the transmitted carrier frequency, said selective circuit having a pass band sufliciently wide to pass th pulse frequency side bands, a heterodyne converter coupled to the output of said selectiv circuit, a beating oscillator coupled to the input of said converter, whereby an intermediate frequency is produced by said converter, a selective amplifier for amplifying the intermediat frequency output of said converter, a rectifier coupled to said for transforming the output of said last selective circuit to reproduce the original modulation at the transmitter.

10. A pulse communication system having, in combination, a transmitter comprising a pair of pulse generators, a phase modulator circuit coupled to the input of one of said pulse generators, means for supplying sinusoidal waves to said phase modulator and to said other pulse generator, means for supplying signal waves to said phase modulator, means for connecting together the outputs of said pulse generators, a high frequency generator coupled to said connection and responsive to the outputs of said pair of pulse generators, and a high frequency transmission medium coupled to the output of said high frequency generator.

11. A pulse transmitter comprising a pair of pulse generators, a phase modulator circuit coupled to the input of one of said pulse generators, means for supplying sinusoidal waves to said phase modulator and to said other pulse generator, means including a microphone for supplying speech waves to said phase modulator, means for connecting together the outputs of said pulse generators, a high frequency generator coupled to said connection and responsive to the outputs of said pair of pulse generators, and an antenna coupled to the output of said high frequency generator.

- HAROLD O. PETERSON.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,877,561 Davis Sept. 13, 1932 2,072,962 Plebanski Mar. 9, 1937 2,081,577 Crosby May 25, 1937 2,087,428 Crosby July 20, 1937 2,169,212 Armstrong Aug. 15, 1939 2,246,164 Crosby June 17, 1941 2,266,401 Reeves Dec. 16, 1941 2,280,707 Kell Apr. 21, 1942 2,298,409 Peterson Oct. 13, 1942 2,311,796 Wrathall Feb. 23, 1943 2,328,944 Beatty Sept. 7, 1943 2,361,437 Trevor Oct. 31, 1944 2,379,899 I-Iansell July 10, 1945 2,379,900 Hansell July 10, 1945 2,392,546 Peterson Jan. 8, 1946 2,401,619 Trevor June 4, 1946 

